Several decades of preferential treatment, incentives, and subsidies failed to make the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Viet Nam competitive and efficient.
After decades of preferential treatment, incentives, and subsidies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Viet Nam failed to compete effectively, and their financial problems created significant fiscal risks. Having virtually no access to private capital markets, general corporations had relied on extensive borrowing from the government and state-owned commercial banks to finance their operations.
By implementing market-oriented reforms, Viet Nam achieved robust economic growth over an extended period. As a result, the country advanced from a narrow inward-looking economy to a rapidly growing lower-middle-income economy. In 2011, when the project was designed, it was entering a new phase in which past gains were to be consolidated and new challenges were to be addressed.
In the early 2000s, South Asian countries were lagging far behind other parts of Asia in making full use of information and communication technology (ICT) for their economic and social development.
Successful communicable disease control not only depends on strong national surveillance and preventive efforts but also on the collective actions of neighboring countries to coordinate monitoring and response.
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