Several decades of preferential treatment, incentives, and subsidies failed to make the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Viet Nam competitive and efficient.
Pakistan’s nationalization program in the 1970s led to significant government ownership of companies and parastatal bodies across all economic sectors. Recognizing the limitations of this setup, the government started privatizing selected entities in the 1990s. Still, as of 2014, it owned 191 public sector enterprises (PSEs), some of which were profitable, while most were struggling to make p
Tuvalu, a fragile microstate and the smallest member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), has a small and narrowly based economy that is highly dependent on external sources of income and imports.
Kiribati is challenged by geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources, and a narrow economic base. It is extremely vulnerable to economic and natural disaster shocks due to its high exposure to climate change, severe import dependency, and heavy reliance on income from external sources.
Samoa, a small and remote Pacific island country, is particularly vulnerable to economic and natural disaster shocks. In 2008−2009, it suffered severely from these shocks as, following the global economic crisis that caused its tourism, manufacturing, and agriculture receipts to fall, a tsunami hit the country.
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