West Bengal is the 13th largest and 4th most populous state of India. It recorded an average fiscal deficit of 4.3% of gross state domestic product (GSDP) from 2007 to 2012—double the state average of 2.1% in India during the same period. The fiscal stress was driven by the state’s low own-tax revenue (OTR) effort and high nondiscretionary expenditure on salaries, interest, and pensions.
At program appraisal, the reliability of Bangladesh’s electricity supply was low and had become a major deterrent to economic development. By 2011, with more than half of Bangladesh’s population without access to electricity, improvements to electricity generation, transmission, and distribution systems were urgently required.
By project appraisal in 2011, Vanuatu’s capital city, Port Vila, had expanded beyond its originally defined urban boundaries because of rural–urban migration and proliferating informal settlements.
The Kathmandu Sustainable Urban Transport Project was designed to address Kathmandu Valley’s urban challenges including congestion, inadequate mobility and transport service, and poor air quality.
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